THE SUFFIXES AND THEIR STUCTURE
Suffixes are those little word which are attached to the end of words to either change thir meaning or modify the meaning in a sentence
Ekler: -Suffixes:
(A). Suffixes which obey Vowel Harmony Rules
(B). Suffixes which change according to Consonant Harmony Rules (C). Suffixes which show no Vowel Harmony change.
Generally there are two main divisions of suffixes:
(1). Inflexional Suffixes - (Çekim ekleri) - A suffix which changes the meaning of a word in a sentence. Example: drink, drinking [add -ing suffix changes meaning of a Verb]
(2). Constructional Suffixes - (Yapım ekleri) - A suffix which alters the meaning of a noun. Example: a drink, a drinker [add -er suffix changes meaning of a Noun]
(1) Inflexional Suffixes and Simple Structured words
Inflexional Suffixes change the meaning of a word in its sentence.
Words which have takin an Inflectional Suffix are called Simple Structured words.
Some examples of Inflexional Suffixes and Simple Structured words:
(a). Çoğul Ekleri: -ler, -lar - Examples: evler, arabalar
- (A). Plural Suffixes: -ler, -lar
- evler = houses
- arabalar = cars
(b.) İsmin Hal Ekleri: -i, -e, -de, -den - Examples: evi, eve, evde, evden
- (B). Condition of Noun suffixes: -i, -e, -de, -den
- evi = the house [obj.]
- eve = to/toward the house
- evde = in/on/at the house
- evden = from/by the house
(c). İyelik Ekleri : -im, in, -i, -imiz, -iniz, -leri - Examples: evim, evin, evi, evimiz, eviniz, evleri
- (C).Personal Suffixes: -im, in, -i, -imiz, -iniz, -leri
- evim = my house
- evin = your house
- evi = his/her/its house
- evimiz = our house
- eviniz = your house
- evleri = their house(s)
(d). Tamlama Ekleri: -(n)ın, -ı - Examples: Arabanın kapısı, Evin bacası, Sokağın tozu
- (D). Noun Completion Suffixes: -(n)ın, -ı
- arabanın kapısı - the door of the car
- evin bacası - the house's chimmney
- sokağın tozu - the dust of the street
(e). Kip Ekleri: -di, -miş, -ecek, -ar, -ıyor - Examples: yazdı, yazmış, yazacak, yazar, yazıyor
- (E). Tense Suffixes: -di, -miş, -ecek, -ar, -ıyor
- yazdı = he/she/it wrote
- yazmış = apparantly he/she/it wrote
- yazacak = he will write
- yazar = he writes (habitually)
- yazıyor = he is writing (now)
NOTE:
All of the suffixes in (A) to (E) above must conform to Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules. [see left side panel]
(2). STRUCTURAL SUFFIXES and DERIVED NOUNS
STRUCTURAL SUFFIXES are those which change the meaning of a noun within a sentence.
Such nouns suffixed with a structural suffix are called DERIVED WORDS
NOTE:
An un-suffixed NOUN is called a ROOT.
A ROOT (noun) which has taken an INFLEXIONAL suffix is called a Simple Word.
Sometimes ROOTS are call Simple Sructured Words.
Suffixes of Structure and their Derived Nouns:
(a). -ci = çilekçi, madenci, halıcı, işçi, bulaşıkçı, yolcu, gözcü...
(A). -ci -çi, -cı -çı, -cu -çu , -cü -çü
This suffix signifies Profession, Occupation, like "-er" in English - "worker.."
- çilekçi = strawberry grower/seller
- madenci = miner/mineral worker
- halıcı = carpet maker/seller
- işçi = worker
- bulaşıkçı = dish-washer
- yolcu = traveller
- gözcü = watchman
(b). -li = Şekerli, tuzlu, yollu, selli, sözlü, gözlü...
(B). -li, -lı, - lu, -lü
This suffix signifies - "containing.. furnished with.."
- şekerli = sugared, sugary, sweetened
- tuzlu = salty, salted
- bahçeli = containg a garden (bahçeli ev = a house with a garden)
- selli = flooded
- sütlü = milky, containing milk
- gamlı = sad, worried
(c). -siz = Şekersiz, tuzsuz, arabasız, sütsüz...
(C). -siz, -sız, - suz, -süz
This suffix has the opposite meaning to the -li sufix above, thus producing - un- (unsugared), -less (sugarless), without [not containing] (without sugar)
- şekersiz = unsugared, sugarless, without sugar, unsweetened
- tuzsuz = without salt, unsalted, not salty
- arabasız = without a car, carless
- sütsüz = without milk
- dişsiz = toothless
(d). -lik = Şekerlik, tuzluk, gözlük, sözlük, yolluk, sazlık...
(D). -lik, -lık, - luk, -lük
This suffix produces nouns and derivations from other nouns and adjectives. It stands for "-ness" as in "goodness". It also forms nouns of place - çimen (grass) produces çimenlik (meadow, grassy placce)
- şekerlik = sugar-shaker, sugar producing place
- tuzluk = salt-cellar, salt bed, salt producing place
- gözlük = spectacles
- sözlük = dictionary
- yolluk = travvel
- sazlık = reed bed, place of reeds
- bozukluk = spoiles, rottenness
(e). -gi = sevgi, saygı, içki, bilgi, sergi, sorgu, sürgü...
(E). -gi -ki, -gı -kı, -gu -ku, -gü -kü
This suffix forms nouns of action or result of action (mainly from verbs)
- sevgi (sevmek) = affection
- saygı (saymak) = esteem
- içki (içmek)= (a) drink
- bilgi (bilmak) = knowledge, data
- sergi (sermek)= exhibition, show
- sorgu (sormak) = interrogation
- etki (etmak) = effect, influence
(f). -gin = bilgin, saygın, üzgün, vurgun...
(F). -gin -kin, -gın -kın, -gun -kun, -gün -kün
This suffix forms nouns and adjectives of resulted action.
- bilgin = scholar, learned
- saygın = respected, esteemed
- üzgün = sad, anxious
- vurgun = stricken, smitten
(g.) -daş = yurttaş, meslektaş, sırdaş, vatandaş...
-daş -taş (sometimes has abraded to -deş)
This suffix signifies a "fellow realationship" - a relationship of co-operation.
- yurttaş = citize, fellow-countryman
- meslektaş = colleague
- sırdaş = confidant
- vatandaş = patriot, compadre
- kardeş = sibling, brother, sister
(h). -sal = kumsal, kırsal, belgesel, bilimsel, sanatsal...
-sal, -sel
This suffix makes adjectives of association often end on -ic in English (history - historic, historical).
- kumsal = strand (of sand)
- kırsal = rural - (kir = countryside)
- belgesel = documentary
- bilimsel = scientific
- sanatsal = artistic
- kimyasal = chemical
NOTE:
In order to establish if a word is a Derived word or a Root, we must inspect as follows:
If we remove any syllables that may be considered as suffixes from a word, and a meaning remains, then it is Derived Word, always providing that there is a modified meaning on re-application of the removed suffixes.
Let us consider the word "perde (curtain)". Now let us remove the syllable "-de". The word "per" remains, but there is no such word in Turkish. So in this case "-de" is not a Structural Suffix, therfoe perde is a ROOT. The answer is a Simple Stucture Word.
Now let us examine the word "perdelik (curtaining)". Let us remove the syllable "-lik". The remaining word "perde" has a meaning in Turkish therefore it must be a ROOT. Moreovere when replacing the suffix there is still a connection in meaning between "perde" and "perdelik".
Perde (curtain): Cloth that is hung to cover a window.
Perdelik (curtaining): The materials from which curtains are produced.
Here we can see that there is a connection in the meaning between both words. From this we can deduce that "perdelik" is a Derived Word ant that the syllable "-lik" is Structural Suffix..
Now let us consider the word "balta (axe)" Let us remove the syllable -ta. The wor remaing is bal (honey). If we now relace the syllable -ta (axe) we find the is no connection between the two meanings, there fore in this case "-ta" is not a suffix and so the ROOT is "balta (axe)" itself.
Balta (axe): a tool for chopping.
Bal: honey.
From this we can see "balta" is not suffixed it is a ROOT word. The syllable "-ta" is not a Strucural Suffix, it ia a syllable that is part of the ROOT word.
(3). COMPOUND STRUCTURAL WORDS
Two or more word without taking suffixes or bufferlatters can produce a new meaning. Thes are called Compound Nouns.
ÖRNEK:
Güzel + yurt= Güzelyurt -a town in Anatolia
Afyon + kara + hisar = Afyonkarahisar -a town in Anatolia
Yeşil + ırmak = Yeşilırmak -a town in Anatolia
Sivri + sinek= Sivrisinek -mosquito (sharp + fly)
Kara + sinek= Karasinek -nousefly (black + fly)
